Managing outage detections and reporting

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are disclosed for detecting node outages in a mesh network. A tracking node in the mesh network detects a set of signals originating from a tracked node in the mesh network. The set of signals includes beacons or communication messages transmitted by the tracked node. The tracking node determines that a threshold number of the beacon intervals have passed since receiving the most recent signal from the tracked node. The tracking node performs outage validation based on data received from another node in the mesh network and updates the status of the tracked node. Based on the updated status, the tracking node outputs a ping to the tracked node requesting a response to the ping. When the response to the ping is not received from the tracked node, the tracking node transmits an outage alarm message to a next topologically higher layer of the mesh network.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to U.S. Prov. App. No. 62/854,553,titled “Managing Outage Detections and Reporting” and filed on May 30,2019, which is incorporated herein in its entirety. This application isalso related to U.S. Ser. No. 16/211,867, filed Dec. 6, 2018, which isincorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates generally to processes for detecting andreporting node outages (e.g., communication outage, premise poweroutage, or grid power outage) and alarm events within a wirelessnetwork.

BACKGROUND

Networked systems, such as networks of smart power, gas, and watermeters and other smart devices (i.e., devices capable of connecting toand communicating with other devices or networks), are capable ofinterconnecting with each other for interdevice communication. Further,one or more of the smart devices within the networked systems may becapable of interconnecting with the internet or other networks. Forexample, a networked system provides the smart devices with a mechanismto communicatively couple with one another and exchange data. Thenetworked system may include one or more nodes that connect to a network(e.g., the internet or an intranet) either directly or indirectlythrough additional layers of parent and root nodes or collectors. Thenetworked system may also include nodes that link with the parent nodesor other child nodes to exchange data across the networked system.

Certain issues arise with node reliability and node outage detection andreporting for nodes within the networked system. For example, the nodesmay rely on a supercapacitor to provide sufficient energy for the nodeto transmit an outage indication after the node stops receiving powerfrom a primary power source of the node. Over time, liquid (e.g., anelectrolyte mixture) stored within the supercapacitor may leak, and theleaking liquid may short electrical components and result in a prematurebreakdown of the node. Additionally, outage indications transmitted bythe node powered by the supercapacitor may not always be detected byother nodes in the networked system due to a lossy nature ofcommunication across the networked system. Accordingly, the outageindication may never be received by other nodes in the networked systemand reported to a head-end system. Thus, outage events of nodes in thenetworked system may not be adequately or consistently detected andreported to the head-end system for further remediating action.

SUMMARY

Aspects and examples are disclosed for apparatuses and process for nodeoutage and alarm event determinations and reporting in a networkedsystem of smart devices. For instance, a method for detecting nodeoutage in a mesh network includes: during a first time period, detectinga set of signals originating from a second node of the mesh networktracked by the first node. The set of signals comprises RF alive beaconsor communication messages transmitted by the second node, and the RFalive beacons indicate an operational status of the second node. The setof signals are detected during a time period that corresponds to atleast a single alive beacon interval. The method further includes duringa second time period subsequent to the first time period, determining,at the first node, a current status of the second node based on passageof a threshold number of the alive beacon intervals since detecting amost recent signal from the second node. The most recent signalcomprises a most recent RF alive beacon or a most recent communicationmessage. The method also includes receiving an advanced RF alive beaconfrom a third node indicating an operational status of the third node andcomprising an identification of the second node and a status of thesecond node, updating the current status of the second node based, atleast in part, upon the advanced RF alive beacon, and outputting, basedon the current status of the second node, a ping to the second noderequesting a response to the ping. When no response to the ping isreceived from the second node within a response period, the methodincludes transmitting an outage alarm message to a next topologicallyhigher layer of the mesh network. The outage alarm message includes anidentification of the second node.

In another example, a node in a mesh network includes a processorconfigured to execute computer-readable instructions and a memoryconfigured to store the computer-readable instructions that, whenexecuted by the processor, cause the processor to perform operations.The operations include during a first time period, detecting a set ofsignals originating from a second node of the mesh network tracked bythe node. The set of signals comprises RF alive beacons or communicationmessages transmitted by the second node, and the RF alive beaconsindicate an operational status of the second node. The set of signalsare detected during a time period that corresponds to at least a singlealive beacon interval. The operations further include during a secondtime period subsequent to the first time period, determining a currentstatus of the second node based on passage of a threshold number of thealive beacon intervals since detecting a most recent signal from thesecond node, the most recent signal comprising a most recent RF alivebeacon or a most recent communication message. The operations furtherinclude receiving an advanced RF alive beacon from a third nodeindicating an operational status of the third node and comprising anidentification of the second node and a status of the second node; andupdating the current status of the second node based, at least in part,upon the advanced RF alive beacon. The operations also includeoutputting, based on the current status of the second node, a ping tothe second node requesting a response to the ping. When no response tothe ping is received from the second node within a response period, theoperations include transmitting an outage alarm message to a nexttopologically higher layer of the mesh network, the outage alarm messagecomprising an identification of the second node.

In yet another example, a system includes a plurality of nodescommunicatively connected via a mesh network, the plurality of nodescomprising a first node, a second node, and a third node. The secondnode is configured to transmit signals comprising communication messagesand RF alive beacons, the RF alive beacons indicating an operationalstatus of the second node. The first node is configured to track astatus of the second node. The tracking includes during a first timeperiod, detecting a set of signals originating from the second node. Theset of signals are detected during a time period that corresponds to atleast a single alive beacon interval. The tracking further includesduring a second time period subsequent to the first time period,determining a current status of the second node based on passage of athreshold number of the alive beacon intervals since detecting a mostrecent signal from the second node. The most recent signal includes amost recent RF alive beacon or a most recent communication message. Thetracking also includes receiving an advanced RF alive beacon from thethird node, the advanced RF alive beacon indicating an operationalstatus of the third node and comprising an identification of the secondnode and a status of the second node, and updating the current status ofthe second node based on the advanced RF alive beacon. The tracking alsoincludes outputting, based on the current status of the second node, aping to the second node requesting a response to the ping, and when theresponse to the ping is not received from the second node within aresponse period, transmitting an outage alarm message to a nexttopologically higher layer of the mesh network. The outage alarm messageincludes an identification of the second node.

These illustrative aspects and features are mentioned not to limit ordefine the presently described subject matter, but to provide examplesto aid understanding of the concepts described in this application.Other aspects, advantages, and features of the presently describedsubject matter will become apparent after review of the entireapplication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the presentdisclosure are better understood when the following Detailed Descriptionis read with reference to the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a networked systemof smart devices, in accordance with one or more examples.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example protocol stack for a single radiotransceiver device that implements multiple media access controlprotocols.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a timeslot in atime-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) network.

FIG. 4 is a state-transition diagram illustrating various statesdetermined for a tracked node, in accordance with one or more examples.

FIG. 5 shows an example of a process for detecting node outages in thenetworked system of FIG. 1, in accordance with one or more examples.

FIG. 6 shows an example of a process for validating the status of thetracked node in the networked system of FIG. 1, in accordance with oneor more examples.

FIG. 7 shows another example of a process for validating the status ofthe tracked node in the networked system of FIG. 1, in accordance withone or more examples.

FIG. 8 is an example of a block diagram of a node of the networkedsystem of FIG. 1, in accordance with one or more examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Systems and methods are provided for node outage and alarm eventdeterminations and reporting in a networked system of smart devices. Asused herein, a node outage can include the communication outage of anode, the premise power outage at the location of the node, or the gridpower outage at the location of the node. Within the networked system, anode may be any point in the networked system capable of transmittingdata to and receiving data from other nodes or a centralized network(e.g., the internet or an intranet). To provide proper accounting ofstatuses of the nodes connected to the networked system, the networkedsystem includes a process that leverages node capabilities to managenode outage detection at the nodes connected to the networked system.

In operation, the nodes in the networked system may be configured tooutput a beaconing signal such as a radio frequency (RF) signalindicating that the nodes are operational, referred to herein as a “RFalive beacon” or “RF alive beacon signal.” The RF alive beacon signalprovides a preamble identifying the RF alive beacon signal as a beaconsignal and also an identification of the node originating the RF alivebeacon signal. The nodes may be configured to transmit the RF alivebeacon signals when there are no other signals to transmit, such as thedata messages or network communication messages. Other nodes (trackingnodes) in the network that can receive the RF alive beacon signals froma node (tracked node) can track the status of this node based on the RFalive beacon signal and other signals transmitted by the node.

If a tracking node does not receive signals from the tracked node formore than a specified number of alive beacon intervals, the trackingnode may determine that the tracked node is in a suspected outage state.To confirm that the tracked node is indeed suffering an outage, thetracking node may ping the tracked node requesting a response from thetracked node indicating that the tracked node is still operational. Ifno response is received from the tracked node, the tracking node maytransmit outage alarm messages through the layers of the networkedsystem.

Each layer of the network system may process, filter, and consolidatethe outage alarm messages such that a root node receives an indicationof all non-functioning nodes in the networked system without or withminimum repeated indications of node outages. The root node, which mayconnect to a head-end system using a centralized network (e.g., theinternet), may provide the indication of the non-functioning nodes as analarm packet to the head-end system. At the head-end system, measuresmay be taken to address the non-functioning nodes. For example,technicians may be deployed to perform physical inspections and repairson the non-functioning nodes. In another example, where the nodes arerelated to endpoints associated with a power grid, a number ofnon-functioning nodes may indicate a power outage. The information aboutthe non-functioning nodes may be used to provide accurate outageinformation to customers or to identify the scope of the problem.

To reduce the likelihood of false-positive outage detection, trackingnodes can perform outage validation, for example, before sending theping to the tracked nodes or after pinging the tracked nodes. The outagevalidation can be performed by configuring the nodes in the network toinclude the status of their respective tracked nodes in the RF alivebeacons sent out by the individual nodes (also referred to as advancedRF alive beacon signals). In other words, an advanced RF alive beaconsignal is a beacon that indicates the operational status of the nodesending the RF alive beacon and includes status information for trackednodes. A tracking node can thus update the status of the tracked nodebased on the advanced RF alive beacon signals sent by other nodes thatalso track the tracked node. The outage validation can also be performedby the tracking node requesting other tracking nodes of the tracked nodefor status information. If outage validation shows that the tracked nodeis still operational, the tracking node may refrain from sending theping and/or the outage alarm messages. As a result, the likelihood offalse positive outage detection and network traffic can be reduced.

To further increase the network efficiency, the nodes can be configuredto support two media access control (MAC) protocols and may switchbetween listening for data or network management communication on onenetwork and listening for RF alive beacon signals on another network (anRF beacon network). In this way, detecting the RF alive beacon signalscan be performed when the node is not receiving data or networkmanagement communication thereby increasing the communication efficiencyand reducing the interruption to the normal data or network managementcommunication.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a networked system100 and a mesh network 101. The networked system 100 and the meshnetwork 101 provides a network infrastructure for smart devices (e.g.,resource consumption meters, vehicles, home appliances, etc. thatinclude communication technology) to communicate across a network ofnodes (i.e., other smart devices), the internet, and/or an intranet. Thenetworked system 100 includes a head-end system 102, which may functionas a central processing system that receives a stream of data from anetwork 104. The network 104 may be the internet, an intranet, or anyother data communication network. The mesh network 101 may include aroot node 106 and other nodes 108 a-108 h collecting data associatedwith the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h, and the root node 106 transmits thecollected data to the network 104 and ultimately to the head-end 102 ofthe networked system 100. In addition, the root node 106 may alsoreceive from the head-end 102 network management messages and transmitthe network management messages to the nodes 108 a-108 h. Likewise, theroot node 106 itself or other nodes 108 a-108 h may also issue andtransmit network management messages to other nodes 108 a-108 h. Thedata and network management transmitted between the nodes 106, 108 a-108h may be collectively referred to herein as “communication messages.”These communication messages are transmitted and routed through datalinks 110 between the nodes 106, 108 a-108 h. The root node 106 may be apersonal area network (PAN) coordinator, an internet gateway, or anyother device capable of connecting to the network 104.

The root node 106 may generally be referred to as a parent node due todata links with the nodes 108 a and 108 b that are located at a nodelayer (e.g., layer one) below the root node 106. For example, the rootnode 106 is illustrated as communicating directly with the network 104.As illustrated, nodes 108 a and 108 b may also be referred to as parentnodes due to data links with nodes 108 c, 108 d, 108 e, and 108 g thatare located at a node layer (e.g., layer two) below the nodes 108 a and108 b. Further, nodes 108 e and 108 g may be referred to as parent nodesdue to data links with nodes 108 f and 108 h that are located at a nodelayer (e.g., layer three) below the nodes 108 e and 108 g. The nodes 108a-108 h may all funnel information up through the node layers to theroot node 106 and ultimately to the head-end 102.

Each of the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h are linked with at least one ofthe other nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h. Links 110 may be created by storingneighboring node information in neighbor caches of the nodes 106 and 108a-108 h that provide indications to the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h of theother nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h through which data may be routed. Forexample, the neighbor cache of the node 108 h may include neighboringnode information identifying that data collected at the node 108 hshould be transmitted to the node 108 g. Likewise, the neighbor cache ofthe node 108 g may include neighboring node information identifying thatthe node 108 g should transmit relevant information to the node 108 h(e.g., network management messages or other information from thehead-end 102) and also identifying that the node 108 g should transmitdata collected by the node 108 g and data received from the node 108 hto the node 108 b. Such a data transmission scheme may continue upthrough the node layers of the mesh network 101.

In operation, fewer or more nodes 108 may be included in the meshnetwork 101, and more root nodes 106 may also be included in thenetworked system 100. Additionally, while the mesh network 101 depictedin FIG. 1 includes a root node layer (i.e., the root node 106), layerone (i.e., the nodes 108 a and 108 b), layer two (i.e., the nodes 108 c,108 d, 108 e, and 108 g), and layer three (i.e., the nodes 108 f and 108h), fewer or more node layers are also contemplated. Moreover, whileFIG. 1 depicts a specific network topology (e.g., a DODAG treetopology), other network topologies are also possible (e.g., a ringtopology, a mesh topology, a star topology, etc.).

The head-end system 102 may keep track of operational andnon-operational nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h. To track the status of thenodes 106 and 108 a-108 h, the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h transmit radiofrequency (RF) beacon signals with enough strength to be received onlyby other nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h that are within close physicalproximity to the transmitting nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h. These RF alivebeacon signals can be utilized to indicate that the transmitting nodes106 and 108 a-108 h are operational (i.e., does not suffer a poweroutage).

For example, the node 108 h may transmit the RF alive beacon signalswith only enough strength for the nodes 108 e, 108 f, and 108 g toconsistently receive the RF alive beacon signals. In an example, the RFalive beacon signals may be referred to as limited range beacons sincethe transmission strength of the RF alive beacon signals may be limited.The RF alive beacon signals are limited to reception by other nodes 106and 108 a-108 h located within a transmission strength radius of thenode sending the limited range beacon. In this manner, the RF alivebeacon provides peer-to-peer communication between a subset of the nodes106 and 108 a-108 h located within the transmission strength radius ofthe node sending the limited range beacon.

The RF alive beacon signals may include an identification of the node106 or 108 a-108 h transmitting the RF alive beacon signals. Forexample, the RF alive beacon signals may include a preamble identifyingthe RF alive beacon signals as beacon signals and also an identificationof the node 106 or 108 a-108 h originating the RF alive beacon signal. Arepresentation with only the preamble and the node identification may beonly 4-8 bytes of data, but a larger or a smaller sized RF alive beaconsignal is also contemplated. Other information associated with thetransmitting node 106 or 108 a-108 h is also contemplated as beingincluded as part of the RF alive beacon signal.

In an example, the strength of the RF alive beacon signals output byeach of the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h may be adjusted such that between5 and 10 other nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h receive the RF alive beaconsignals from that individual node. In such an example, the strength ofthe RF alive beacon signal may be 0 dBm or a range from −3 dBm to 10dBm, and the strength may be adjusted based on how many of the nodes 106and 108 a-108 h are located within close proximity to the node 106 or108 a-108 h transmitting the RF alive beacon signals. That is, thestrength of the RF alive beacon signals may increase to reach additionalnodes 106 and 108 a-108 h or decrease to reach fewer additional nodes106 and 108 a-108 h depending on a specific arrangement of theadditional nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h in the mesh network 101. In anexample, when the strength of the RF alive beacon signal is such that 6nodes receive the RF alive beacon signal with a success rate greaterthan 50%, a subsequent success rate that each RF alive beacon signalwill reach at least one of the 6 nodes will be at least 98.4% (i.e.,1-0.5⁶). This success rate may increase based on an increase in thenumber of nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h within range of the transmittingnode 106 or 108 a-108 h, based on an increase in the success rate of theindividual receiving nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h, or both.

The RF alive beacon signals may be transmitted by each of the nodes 108a-108 h at defined alive beacon intervals. For example, the nodes 108a-108 h may transmit the RF alive beacon signals every 5 seconds. Longeror shorter alive beacon intervals are also contemplated. Additionally,each of the nodes 108 a-108 h may control their own alive beaconintervals, and synchronization of the alive beacon intervals may not beperformed across the nodes 108 a-108 h. In an example, the periodbetween RF alive beacon signals may be selected to achieve an optimalbalance among one or more of the following factors: 1) increasing theuniform distribution of the RF alive beacon signals from thetransmitting nodes, 2) minimizing the interference from other RF alivebeacon signals or other RF transmissions of the mesh network, and 3)maximizing the resolution of outage event timestamps. For example,maximizing the resolution of the outage event timestamps may call forreducing the alive beacon intervals to a smaller time period, whileminimizing interference from other RF sources may call for increasingthe alive beacon intervals to a larger time period.

In some examples, the tracking node 106 or 108 a-108 h is capable ofimplementing two MAC protocols using a single transceiver device (e.g.,a single radio) so that the data and network management communicationscan be performed using one MAC protocol and RF alive beaconcommunications can be performed using the other MAC protocol. Additionaldetails about the implementation based on two MAC protocols are providedbelow with regard to FIGS. 2 and 3.

Over time, each of the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h receive RF alive beaconsignals from one or more other nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h. When thereceiving nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h receive the RF alive beacon signalsfrom one or more of the other nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h at a percentageof alive beacon intervals that is greater than a threshold percentage,the receiving nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h may track when the RF alivebeacon signals from the one or more of the other nodes 106 and 108 a-108h are missed. For example, the threshold percentage can be set to p %.If a receiving node 106 or 108 a-108 h receives RF alive beacon signalsfrom another node 106 or 108 a-108 h during M alive beacon intervals outof a total of N alive beacon intervals, and M/N>p %, the receiving node(also referred to as “tracking node”) may track the status of thetransmitting node (also referred to as a “tracked node”). In thefollowing description, node 108 h is used as an example of a trackednode and node 108 f is used as an example of a tracking node trackingthe status of the tracked node 108 h. It should be understood that anynode 106 or 108 a-108 h in the mesh network can be a tracked node or atracking node. In addition, a node 106 or 108 a-108 h may be a trackednode being tracked by other nodes and, at the same time, a tracking nodetracking the status of other nodes.

The tracking includes determining the number of alive beacon intervalsduring which the RF alive beacon signal is not received. After missingthe RF alive beacon signal for a predetermined number of alive beaconintervals from the tracked node 108 h, the tracking node 108 f maydetermine that the tracked node 108 h is in a suspected outage state andmay initiate a node ping process to proactively request a response fromthe tracked node 108 h. In some examples, the tracking node 108 fperforms an outage validation before initiating the node ping process.For example, the tracking node 108 f can perform the outage validationbased on information contained in the advanced RF alive beacons receivedfrom other tracking nodes. In this example, the advanced RF alive beaconsignal transmitted by a tracked node 106 or 108 a-108 h can beconfigured to include additional information, such as the status ofother nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h. Since a tracked node 106 or 108 a-108 hcan also be a tracking node tracking the status of other nodes 108 a-108h, the tracked node 106 or 108 a-108 h is aware of the status of itstracked nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h and such status information can beincluded in the advanced RF alive beacon signal transmitted by thetracked node 106 or 108 a-108 h. As a result, any node that receives theadvanced RF alive beacon signal sent by the tracked node 106 or 108a-108 h can obtain the status of those nodes.

Continuing the above example, the tracking node 108 f can perform theoutage validation based on the advanced RF alive beacons received fromone or more other nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h that are also tracking thetracked node 108 h, such as node 108 e. The tracking node 108 f cancompare the status of the tracked node 108 h determined by itself andthe status of the tracked node 108 h indicated in the advanced RF alivebeacons received from other nodes to determine whether the tracked node108 h is indeed in the outage status. For instance, the tracking node108 f may determine, after failing to receive RF alive beacons from thetracked node 108 h for a predetermined number of alive beacon intervals,that the tracked node 108 h is in a suspected outage status. However, ifthe advanced RF alive beacons received from other nodes indicates thatthe status of the tracked node 108 h is operational, the tracking node108 f may update the status of the tracked node 108 h to “operational”without initiating the node ping process. In this way, thefalse-positive outage indications can be reduced and the communicationscan be reduced (e.g., the communication involved in the node pingprocess is eliminated).

The outage validation process can also be performed by the tracking node108 f requesting other nodes (e.g., its neighboring nodes) for thestatus of the tracked node 108 h. The response received from those nodescan be used to confirm that the tracked node 108 h is in the suspectedoutage state. Additional details regarding the outage validation areprovided below with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7. If the tracking node 108 fconfirms that the tracked node 108 h is in a suspected outage state, thetracking node 108 f may initiate the node ping process.

In an example, the node ping process may involve the tracking node 108 ftransmitting a ping (e.g., a request for a response) to the tracked node108 h. The node ping process provides an additional detection layer tomake sure that the tracked node 108 h is not functioning properly beforetransmitting an outage alarm message. The ping may be transmitted atfull power strength of the tracking node 108 f (e.g., 20 dBm-30 dBm). Ifthe tracked node 108 h is still operational, the tracked node 108 h maytransmit a message at full power strength back to the tracking node 108f indicating an operational status of the tracked node 108 h. In such anexample, the beaconing process may resume without escalating the outagealarm message to other node layers of the mesh network 101.

If the tracked node 108 h is no longer operational, such as due to asustained loss of power without an alternative power source, then noresponse to the ping is received at the tracking node 108 f. To reducethe likelihood that the tracking node 108 f failed to detect theresponse, the node ping process may be repeated two or more times. Byrepeating the node ping process, the likelihood of a false-positiveoutage detection of the tracked node 108 h may decrease significantly.

When the tracking node 108 f does not receive a response from thetracked node 108 h during the node ping process, the tracking node 108 fmay build an outage alarm message to be directed up the node layers ofthe mesh network 101. The outage alarm message may include anidentification of the tracked node 108 h that is not functioning andalso an indication of a time stamp of a most recent RF alive beaconsignal (or other communications if these other communications are alsoused to detect outage of the tracked node) received by the tracking node108 f from the tracked node 108 h. In an example, the tracking node 108f may combine the outage alarm message for the tracked node 108 h withoutage alarm messages for other tracked nodes. Such a package may bereferred to as an alarm packet and be sent as a data message to thenodes in a next higher node level.

In some examples, if, after transmitting the alarm packet up through thelayered topology of the network, the tracking node 108 f receives an RFalive beacon from the tracked node 108 h, the tracking node 108 f canmark the tracked node 108 h as “restored” or “operational” and continueto track the status of the tracked node 108 h as described above. In anexample, upon marking the tracked node 108 h as “restored,” the trackingnode 108 f may transmit a node-restored message up through the layeredtopology of the mesh network 101. The node-restored message may includean identification of the restored node 108 h.

When an alarm packet (e.g., a data packet including an indication ofmultiple tracked nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h that are in an outage statedetermined by one tracking node or multiple tracking nodes) is receivedat a node 106 or 108 a-108 h in a next higher node level, such as atnode 108 e, a filtering and consolidation process may occur to preventtransmission of unnecessary or repeat outage indications. For example,the node 106 or 108 a-108 h that receives the alarm packet may parse thealarm packet into multiple endpoint identifications that indicate whichof the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h are indicated in the alarm packet asbeing in an outage. The endpoint identifications are analyzed by thenode 106 or 108 a-108 h for repeat alarm indications (e.g., if the node106 or 108 a-108 h already knows of one or more of the nodes 106 and 108a-108 h that are in an outage). The non-repeat alarm indications arestored for further analysis.

The stored alarm indications are then cross-referenced to see if any ofthe stored alarm indications come from one of the nodes 106 or 108 a-108h that the analyzing node 106 or 108 a-108 h monitors for RF alivebeacon signals. If not, the analyzing node 106 or 108 a-108 h forwardsthe alarm packet to a next higher node layer of the mesh network 101. Ifone or more of the stored alarm indications correspond to nodesmonitored by the analyzing node 106 or 108 a-108 h, the analyzing node106 or 108 a-108 h determines if an RF alive beacon signal was receivedfor the one or more stored alarm indications to ensure that the RF alivebeacon signal was not missed by the node 106 or 108 a-108 h in thetopologically lower node layer of the mesh network 101. If the RF alivebeacon signal was not received by the analyzing node 106 or 108 a-108 h,the analyzing node 106 or 108 a-108 h may forward the alarm packet tothe next topologically higher node layer of the mesh network 101. If theRF alive beacon signal was received by the analyzing node 106 or 108a-108 h, the analyzing node 106 or 108 a-108 h may remove the node 106or 108 a-108 h providing the RF alive beacon signal from the alarmpacket before transmitting an updated alarm packet to the nexttopologically higher node layer of the mesh network 101. This processinvolves filtering out repeat alarm indications from alarm packets andalso removing false-positive outage indications from the alarm packetsprior to transmitting the alarm packet to the next topologically highernode layer of the mesh network 101.

When the head-end 102 receives the alarm packet from the root node 106,the head-end 102 may deploy technicians to address the one or more nodes106 and 108 a-108 h indicated by the alarm packet as being in an outage.For example, the technician may be deployed to repair or replace thenodes 106 and 108 a-108 h identified by the alarm packet. Further, thehead-end 102 may maintain a record of the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h thatare in an outage.

It should be understood that while the above description focuses onrelying on the RF alive beacon signals to determine the status of thetracked node, other communications sent by the tracked node can also beutilized. For example, the tracking node can act as a “promiscuous node”and sniff or listen for any type of communications sent by the trackednode. The tracking node considers both RF alive beacon signals and othercommunications sent by the tracked node when determining whether thetracked node is in the operational status. The communications includedata communications and network management communications. Since thetransmit power of the data or network management communications sent bythe tracked node may be higher than the RF alive beacon signal sent bythe tracked node, the probability that the tracking node will receivethe data or network management communications may be higher than theprobability that the tracking node will receive the RF alive beaconsignal.

If the tracking node detects communication messages transmitted from thetracked node, the tracking node can determine that the tracked node isoperational even if no RF alive beacon is received from the tracked nodefor more than the predetermined number of alive beacon intervals. Insome examples, a counter of missed intervals can be used to keep trackof the number of consecutive alive beacon intervals when no RF alivebeacon signals or communication messages are received from the trackednode. Since a tracking node can track multiple tracked nodes, thetracking node can have a separate counter for each tracked node. Thetracking node can reset the counter of the missed intervals for thetracked node when the tracking node detects a data or network managementcommunication or an RF alive beacon signal from the tracked node. Byconsidering both RF alive beacon signals and other types ofcommunication, the likelihood of a tracking node making a false positiveoutage determination and the likelihood that a tracking node generatesan unnecessary ping are reduced.

If the tracking nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h in the mesh network 101 areconfigured to detect the operational status of the tracked nodes basedon both the RF alive beacons and communication messages, the trackednodes can be configured to transmit the RF alive beacons only when theydo not transmit any communication messages for a certain period of time.The period of time may correspond to one or more alive beacon intervals.

In some cases, the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h support two or more mediaaccess control (MAC) protocols and the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h can beconfigured to transmit the RF alive beacon signals and the communicationmessages using different MAC protocols.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of an example protocol stack for a single radiotransceiver device that implements multiple MAC protocols. The protocolstack 200 includes, at the bottom layer, the physical interface (PHY)210. The PHY 210 can define the specifications of the physicaltransmission medium, such as the transceiver device of the nodes. Thenext layer of the protocol stack 200 for the nodes includes at least twoMAC layers 220 a, 220 b. MAC layer 220 a, for example, defines theaddressing and channel access protocols for a first network, such as themesh network 101, allowing the transceiver device to communicate withother nodes by sending and receiving communication messages. Similarly,MAC layer 220 b can define the addressing and channel access protocolsfor a second network referred to as an RF beacon network, allowing thenodes to communicate with other nodes through RF alive beacon signals.The traffic for both MAC layer 220 a and MAC layer 220 b can be routedthrough a single IP layer 230. The signal for both networks can becommunicated via a transport layer such as UDP 240. As will be describedblow in detail with respect to FIG. 3, two MAC layers may be of the sameprotocol but operated at different points in time (e.g., in twodifferent parts of a timeslot). Also, in some examples, MAC layer 220 b(e.g., the MAC layer for the RF alive beacons) may not go to the IPlayer until it performs the beacon processing scheme described above.

The mesh network 101 may follow a time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH)communication protocol to communicate data and network managementmessages within the network. The nodes within the network aresynchronized on a current TSCH timeslot. To communicate with the RFbeacon network and the mesh network 101 using a single transceiver, anode 106 or 108 a-108 h can switch between the mesh network 101 and theRF beacon network during a TSCH timeslot, resulting in interleavedcommunication with the mesh network 101 and the RF beacon network. Thus,the nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h can support both the mesh network 101(operating a TSCH protocol) and the RF beacon network (which may or maynot operate using the TSCH protocol) via a single transceiver device.

Each timeslot in the TSCH protocol has a time duration of duration “T”which can be defined in milliseconds or other appropriate time units.The TSCH protocol also uses multiple channel frequencies forcommunication between devices in the network. A hopping pattern definesthe channel used to communicate during each timeslot for a node in theTSCH network. For example, a hopping pattern may determine that channel4 is associated with timeslot 1 and channel 6 is associated withtimeslot 2. A node can thus determine, based on the hopping pattern,that it should switch to channel 4 during timeslot 1 and switch tochannel 6 during timeslot 2. The hopping pattern may have a hoppingpattern length L and the hopping pattern repeats for every L timeslots.

FIG. 3 illustrates a typical TSCH timeslot structure for a timeslot 300.In this example, the time periods shown are exemplary and other valuesmay be used in other implementations (e.g., timeslot 300 is shown with aduration of 25 milliseconds, but other durations of a timeslot are alsopossible). In a TSCH timeslot structure, a node listens on a channeldetermined by the TSCH hopping pattern during a first part 308 of thetimeslot 300 for a communication on the mesh network. As shown in FIG.3, after an RF settle period 302, the node can listen for signals on achannel for a period of time (shown as receiver wait time 304).Typically, the duration of the receiver wait time 304 is dependent on anexpected transmit time duration. The transmit time duration may bedefined in the IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH specification. If the node receivesthe start of a message prior to the expiration of the receiver wait time304, then the node can proceed to receive the rest of the message andprocess the received message. However, if the node does not receive thestart of a message prior to the expiration of the receiver wait time304, then the node may determine that it will not receive acommunication from another node on the mesh network during the presenttimeslot. In a conventional network, the remainder of the timeslot 300may be idle or unused.

In the current disclosure, the used second part of a timeslot can beutilized for RF alive beacon communication after determining that thenode will not receive a communication in the first part of thattimeslot. More specifically, the node 106 or 108 a-108 h communicatingon the mesh network 101 using the TSCH protocol can switch to the RFbeacon network using another protocol during the unused time portion ofa TSCH timeslot. As such, as shown in FIG. 3, in the second part of thetimeslot 300, the node 106 and 108 a-108 h may communicate in the firstnetwork or the second network. If the node 106 or 108 a-108 h receivesthe beginning portion of a message from another node 106 or 108 a-108 hon the mesh network 101 during the first part 308 of the timeslot 300,the node 106 or 108 a-108 h can continue to receive the message in thefirst network during the second part 310 of the timeslot 300 (e.g., forthe duration of the timeslot 300). If the node 106 or 108 a-108 h doesnot receive a message from the mesh network 101 prior to the expirationof the first part 308 of the timeslot 300, then the node 106 or 108a-108 h may switch to the beacon network and begin to listen for an RFalive beacon signal from another node 106 or 108 a-108 h in the RFbeacon network. If the node 106 or 108 a-108 h operates in the secondpart of the timeslot 300 and receives signals from the RF beaconnetwork, the node 106 or 108 a-108 h can receive the message from the RFbeacon network for the remaining duration of the timeslot 300. In thisway, the idle time can be reduced or eliminated and the communicationbecomes more efficient.

Similarly, the node 106 or 108 a-108 h may transmit the data and networkmanagement messages on the mesh network 101 and transmit the RF alivebeacon signals on the RF beacon network. In some examples, the RF alivebeacon signals are transmitted at defined alive beacon intervalsregardless of whether data and network management messages aretransmitted within the alive beacon intervals or not. In other examples,especially when the tracking node is configured to determine theoperational status of the tracked node based on both the RF alive beaconsignals and the data and network management messages, the node 106 or108 a-108 h can be configured to transmit the RF alive beacon signals onthe RF beacon network only when no data or network management messagesare transmitted on the mesh network 101 during the given alive beaconinterval.

For example, during a time period when the node 106 or 108 a-108 h hasno data or network management messages to be transmitted on the meshnetwork 101, the node can transmit an RF alive beacon for every alivebeacon interval. In the next time period when the node 106 or 108 a-108h has data or network management messages to be transmitted on the meshnetwork 101, the node can transmit these data or network managementmessages as needed. The node can further determine if it also needs totransmit RF alive beacons. If at least one of the data or networkmessages was transmitted during the most recent alive beacon interval,the node can skip the transmission of the RF alive beacon for this mostrecent alive beacon interval; otherwise, the node will transmit the RFalive beacon. In this way, the number of transmitted RF alive beaconsignals is reduced.

Additionally, or alternatively, two different channels may be used forthe two networks. In other words, the mesh network 101 can operate on afirst channel for data and network management communications and the RFbeacon network can operate on a different channel for the RF alivebeacon signals. When different channels are used, the data and networkmanagement communications may use a different channel hopping sequencethan the channel hopping sequence for the RF alive beacon signals. Forexample, the tracking node can operate on a first frequency to detectcommunication messages on the mesh network. If no communication messagesare detected during the first part of a timeslot of the TSCH protocol,the tracking node switches to the RF beacon network during the secondpart of the timeslot by changing its frequency to the frequency of theRF beacon network that is different from the first frequency. This mayallow the RF alive beacon signal to be transmitted at a higher powerbecause there is less interference to the data and network managementcommunications by the RF alive beacon signals. In one example, the RFalive beacon signals are transmitted using a power strengthsubstantially the same as the power strength used for transmitting thecommunication messages. Transmitting a higher power RF alive beaconsignal may increase the number of nodes 106 and 108 a-108 h that receivethe RF alive beacon signal or increase the likelihood of a node that iswithin communication range of an RF alive beacon signal of receiving theRF alive beacon signal. As a result, false-positive outage detection canbe reduced.

FIG. 4 shows a state-transition diagram 400 illustrating various statesof the tracked node determined by a tracking node, in accordance withone or more examples. As shown in FIG. 4, a tracked node can bedetermined to be in one of three possible states: an operational state402, a suspected outage state 404, and an outage state 406. The trackednode is determined to be in the operational state 402 if the trackingnode can regularly detect signals (RF alive beacon signals, datamessages, or network management messages) transmitted from the trackednode. If, as discussed above with regard to FIG. 1, a tracking node doesnot detect a signal from the tracked node for a predetermined number ofalive beacon intervals, the tracking node may determine that the trackednode is likely suffering a power outage and is in the suspected outagestate 404.

The tracking node can validate the suspected outage state by performingan outage validation to reduce the false positive outage detection. Theoutage validation can be performed, for example, based on statusinformation of the tracked node contained in advanced RF alive beaconssent by other nodes or by proactively requesting the status of thetracked node. If the outage validation fails, i.e., the outagevalidation process shows that the tracked node is still operational, thetracking node can mark the tracked node back to the operational state402. In this way, the generation and transmission of an unnecessary pingcan be reduced. If the outage validation confirms that the tracking nodeis not operational (e.g., information from other nodes show that thetracked node is in the outage state or the suspected outage state), thetracking node can further initiate the node ping process to proactivelyseek a response from the tracked node.

If no response to the ping is received, the tracking node can determinethat the tracked node is in the outage state 406. At this point, thetracking node can be configured to transmit the outage alarm message tonodes in the next higher node level. In some implementations, thetracking node can further perform the outage validation before sendingout the outage alarm message to ensure that the tracked node is indeedin the outage state 406 to further reduce the likelihood of a falsepositive detection of a node outage. If the outage validation fails(i.e., the outage validation shows that the tracked node isoperational), the tracking node may change the status of the trackednode to the operational state 402. Further, since the promiscuous nodesare listening to network traffic, the tracking node may detect an outagealarm message or an alarm packet transmitted by other nodes in the meshnetwork 101. If the tracking node detects an outage alarm message or analarm packet that identifies the tracked node, then the tracking nodemay refrain from initiating an outage alarm message for the tracked nodeor including the tracked node in an alarm packet that it creates. Thisprovides an additional benefit of reducing network traffic.

If, while the tracked node is in the suspected outage state 404 or theoutage state 406, the tracking node detects a signal originating fromthe tracked node, such as an RF alive beacon signal, a data message or anetwork management message, the tracking node can change the state ofthe tracked node back to the operational state 402. It should beunderstood that the various states and the conditions for transitioningbetween these states are for illustration only and should not beconstrued as limiting. Different conditions may trigger the transitionsbetween these states. For example, the tracked node can transition fromthe suspected outage state 404 to the outage state 406 without sendingthe pings if the outage validation shows that the tracked node is indeedsuffering an outage. Additional details regarding determining the stateof the tracked node are provided below with regard to FIGS. 5-7.

FIG. 5 shows an example of a process 500 for detecting endpoint outagesin the networked system of FIG. 1. One or more nodes (e.g., the nodes106 and 108 a-108 h) implement operations depicted in FIG. 5 byexecuting suitable program code. For illustrative purposes, the process500 is described with reference to certain examples depicted in thefigures. Other implementations, however, are possible.

At block 502, the process 500 involves a tracking node 106 or 108 a-108h listening signals from a tracked node 106 or 108 a-108 h that thetracking node is tracking. As discussed above, in some examples, thetracking node may be configured to support two MAC protocols used in twonetworks: a TSCH protocol used by the mesh network 101 and anotherprotocol used by the RF beacon network, such as a Wi-SUN CSMA-CA. Thetracking node can listen for data or network management messages in themesh network 101 during the first portion of the TSCH timeslot. If acommunication message is not received during the first portion of thetimeslot, the tracking node can switch to the RF beacon network tolisten for RF alive beacon signals.

At block 504, the process 500 involves determining if the tracking nodereceives signals from the tracked node during the current alive beaconinterval. In some examples, the tracking node determines whether RFalive beacon signals are received during the alive beacon interval. Inother examples, the tracking node is capable of sniffing or listeningfor any type of communications sent by the tracked node. In theseexamples, the tracking node can consider both RF alive beacon signalsand communication messages sent by the tracked node to determine whetherthe tracked node is operational or not. As such, if the tracking nodedetects either an RF alive beacon signal or a data or network managementmessage sent by the tracked node during the alive beacon interval, thetracking node can determine that a signal is received from the trackednode.

If at least a signal is received from the tracked node, the process 500involves resetting a missed interval counter to zero at block 505 andthen at block 502 continuing to listen for signals from the trackednode. If no signals are received from the tracked node during thecurrent alive beacon interval, the tracking node increases the missedsignal counter by one at block 506. At block 508, the tracking nodedetermines whether the missed interval counter is higher than athreshold number of missed intervals. If not, the tracking nodecontinues to listen for signals from the tracked node at block 502.

If the missed interval counter is higher than the threshold, thetracking node may determine that the tracked node is in the suspectedoutage state. At block 510, the process 500 involves performing outagevalidation to confirm that the tracked node is indeed not operationaland to update the status of the tracked node based on the outagevalidation. The outage validation can be performed based on additionalinformation obtained from other nodes, such as the status of the trackednode contained in an advanced RF alive beacon signal sent by anothernode, or a response to a request for the status of the tracked node sentby the tracking node. Two examples of the outage validation aredescribed below with respect to FIGS. 6 and 7. The tracking node mayperform the outage validation using either one or both of the outagevalidation methods shown in FIGS. 6 and 7.

At block 512, the process 500 involves determining if the tracked nodeis determined to be in the suspected outage state. The determination canbe based on the outcome of the outage validation. If the outagevalidation fails, which means that the tracked node is stilloperational, the process 500 involves resetting the missed intervalcounter at block 505 and continue to listen for signals from the trackednode at block 502. If the outage validation confirms that the trackednode is in the suspected outage state, the process 500 involves, atblock 514, initiating an node ping process by transmitting a ping to thetracked node. The ping may be a signal requesting a response from thetracked node, and the ping may be transmitted using a full powerstrength of the tracking node. In an example, the full power strengthmay be between 20 dBm and 30 dBm, but other signal strengths are alsocontemplated. The full power strength of the ping may be significantlylarger than the strength of an RF alive beacon signal to ensure that thetracked node has a much better opportunity to receive the ping.

At block 516, the process 500 involves determining if a ping response isreceived by the tracking node from the tracked node within a responseperiod. The response period can be set to be tens of milliseconds and upto a few seconds. If the ping response is received by the tracking node,the missed interval counter is reset at block 505. In resetting themissed interval counter, the tracked node is identified as in theoperational state and the tracking node continues to listen for signalsfrom the tracked node. If the ping response is not received by thetracking node from the tracked node, the process 500 may involve anotheroutage validation at block 518 similar to the outage validationperformed at block 510. If the outage validation confirms that thetracked node is indeed in the outage state, the tracking node cantransmit, at block 522, an outage alarm message indicating the outagestatus of the tracked node to nodes in a next higher node level. If theoutage validation shows that the tracked node is still operational, theprocess 500 involves resetting the missed interval counter at block 505and the tracking node continues to listen for signals from the trackednode at block 502.

It should be appreciated that the process 500 described above withrespect to FIG. 5 are for illustration purposes and should not beconstrued as limiting. The blocks of the process 500 can be executed ina different order than that shown in FIG. 5. In addition, the process500 may involve more or fewer blocks than those shown in FIG. 500. Forexample, the outage validation in block 510, the outage validation inblock 518, or both can be omitted from the process 500. In anotherexample, an additional block can be added to the process 500 beforetransmitting the outage alarm message to determine whether the outagestatus of the tracked node has been reported in an alarm message sent byanother node. If so, the tracking node may refrain from sending theoutage alarm message thereby reducing the network traffic.

As discussed above, a node may be tracked by multiple tracking nodes. Assuch, these multiple tracking nodes can collaborate with each other(e.g., exchanging data with each other) when determining the status ofthe tracked node. This can increase the accuracy of the statusdetermination of the tracked node and reduce the false-positive rate ofthe detection. This process includes the outage validation processdescribed above in blocks 510 and 518 of FIG. 5. FIGS. 6 and 7 each showan example of the outage validation processes.

In particular, FIG. 6 shows an example of a process 600 for validatingthe outage status of a tracked node based on advanced RF alive beaconsignals sent by other tracking nodes of the tracked node. At block 602,the process 600 involves receiving advanced RF alive beacon signals fromanother tracking node of the tracked node. In this example, the nodes inthe mesh network 101 are configured to include additional information inthe RF alive beacon signal, i.e., advanced RF alive beacon signal. Inaddition to the identification of the node transmitting the RF alivebeacon signal, the advanced RF alive beacon signal can further includeinformation about the nodes that it is tracking. The information aboutthe tracked nodes may include information identifying the tracked nodesand the status of each tracked node. In addition to the informationidentifying the tracked nodes and the status information, the advancedRF alive beacon signal may also include a time stamp for the mostrecently received RF alive beacon signal or other communication receivedfrom each tracked node. The information may include all tracked nodes oronly those tracked nodes having a certain status, e.g., those nodes thatthe transmitting node has determined to be in the suspected outage stateor in the outage state. In some implementations, the nodes 106 and 108a-108 h in the mesh network 101 are all configured to transmit advancedRF alive beacon signals.

At block 604, the process 600 involves parsing the advanced RF alivebeacon signal to determine the status of the tracked node. At block 606,the process 600 involves determining whether the advanced RF alivebeacon signal shows that the tracked node is operational. If so, theprocess 600 involves updating the tracked node as operational at block608. For example, the status of the tracked node can be updated bycomparing the time stamp in the advanced RF alive beacon with the timestamp of a most recent signal received by the tracking node from thetracked node. The tracked node can be determined to be in theoperational state if the time stamp in the advanced RF alive beacon islater than the time stamp for the most recent signal received by thetracking node from the tracked node and it shows that the tracked nodesent a signal during the current time interval. In another example, thetracked node can be marked as in the operational state if the advancedRF alive beacon shows that the tracked node is operational.

If the advanced RF alive beacon signal shows that the tracked node isnot operational, the process 600 involves marking, at block 610, thetracked node as in the suspected outage state or in the outage statedepending on the status determined by the tracking node. For example, ifthe tracking node invoked the outage validation when the status of thetracked node is determined to be suspected outage (e.g., after thetracking node fails to receive signals from the tracked node for morethan the threshold number of missed intervals and before pinging thetracked node), the tracking node may determine that the tracked node isin the suspected outage state if the advanced RF alive beacon also showsthat the tracked node is in the suspected outage or in the outage state.In some implementations, if the advanced RF alive beacon shows that thetracked node is in the outage state, the tracking node may determinethat the tracked node is in the outage state even if it determines thatthe tracked node is in the suspected outage state. This can eliminatethe endpoint pinging process.

Likewise, if the tracking node invoked the outage validation when thestatus of the tracked node is determined to be in the outage state(e.g., after the tracking node fails to receive the response to theping), the tracking node may determine that the tracked node is in theoutage state if the advanced RF alive beacon shows that the tracked nodeis in the suspected outage or in the outage state. It should be furtherappreciated that the tracking node may further use the additionalinformation about the tracked node in the advanced RF alive beaconsignals to determine how to prepare its own RF alive beacon signal,outage alarm message, or alarm packet, such as refraining fromgenerating and transmitting outage alarm message if the outage has beenreported by other tracking nodes.

FIG. 7 shows an example of a process 700 for validating the outagestatus of a tracked node by communicating with other tracking nodes ofthe tracked node. At block 702, the process 700 involves the trackingnode transmitting a request to other tracking nodes of the tracked nodeto obtain information about the tracked node to verify its determinationof an outage. In one implementation, the tracking node maintainsinformation about other nodes that are tracking the same tracked nodeand sends the request to those nodes. Alternatively, or additionally,the tracking node may send the request to its neighboring nodes. Theneighboring nodes that also track the same tracked node may respond tothe request. The node may send the request using any method describedherein, e.g., via RF alive beacon signals, data messages, networkmanagement messages, or any combination thereof. The request may be aunicast or broadcast communication and in some instances is sent at areduced power level. The request may use the same network protocol usedfor other types of communication or may use a local protocol.

At block 704, the process 700 involves receiving responses from thetracking nodes. The responses contain information about the tracked nodethat is determined by the respective tracking nodes. At block 706, theprocess 700 involves determining whether the status of the tracked nodein the responses are consistent with the outage determination by thetracking node. If so, the process 700 involves marking the tracked nodeas in the outage state or in the suspected outage state depending on thestatus of the tracked node determined by the tracking node itself atblock 708. If the status of the tracked node in the responses areinconsistent with the outage determination by the tracking node, thetracking node may, at block 710, wait an additional amount of timebefore reporting the outage (e.g., mark the tracked node as operationalbut assign the counter of missed intervals to a non-zero value) or takefurther actions such as send another ping to the tracked node (e.g. bymarking the tracked node as in suspected outage state). By validatingthe outage of the tracked node in this way, the global network traffic(e.g., the outage alarm message) can be reduced even though the localtraffic is increased.

Exemplary Node

FIG. 8 is an example of a block diagram of components of a node 106 or108 of the mesh network 101. Some or all of the components of acomputing system 800 can belong to one or more of the nodes 106 or 108a-108 h of FIG. 1. The node 800 includes a communication module 816 anda metrology module 818 connected through a local or serial connection830. The function of the communication module 816 includes sending andreceiving various signals to and from other nodes in the mesh network101 or RF beacon network, such as RF alive beacons (including advancedRF alive beacons), data and network communication messages, outage alarmmessages and other data.

The communication module 816 may include a communication device 812 suchas an antenna and a radio. Alternatively, the communication device 812may be any device that allows wireless or wired communication. Thecommunication device 812 may include a transceiver device, such as an RFtransceiver, capable of transmitting and receiving RF communication fromother nodes in the mesh network 101. In some configurations, thetransceiver device is capable of implementing at least two MACinterfaces to communicate with the mesh network 101 and the RF beaconnetwork via two antennas, respectively or via a single antenna. Thecommunication module 816 may also include a processor 813, and memory814. The processor 813 controls functions performed by the communicationmodule 816, such as the one or more of the operations described abovewith respect to FIGS. 1-7. The memory 814 may be utilized to store dataused by the processor 813 to perform its function.

The function of the metrology module 818 includes the functionsnecessary to manage the resource, in particular, to allow access to theresource and to measure the resource used. The metrology module 818 mayinclude a processor 821, memory 822, and measurement circuitry 823. Themeasurement circuitry 823 handles the measuring of the resource and maybe used as the sensor to collect sensor data. The processor 821 in themetrology module 818 controls functions performed by the metrologymodule 818. The memory 822 stores data needed by the processor 821 toperform its functions. The communication module 816 and the metrologymodule 818 communicate with each other through the local connection 830to provide data needed by the other module. Both the communicationmodule 816 and the metrology module 818 may include computer-executableinstructions stored in memory or in another type of computer-readablemedium and one or more processors within the modules may execute theinstructions to provide the functions described herein.

General Considerations

Numerous specific details are set forth herein to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the claimed subject matter. However, those skilled inthe art will understand that the claimed subject matter may be practicedwithout these specific details. In other instances, methods,apparatuses, or systems that would be known by one of ordinary skillhave not been described in detail so as not to obscure claimed subjectmatter.

The features discussed herein are not limited to any particular hardwarearchitecture or configuration. A computing device can include anysuitable arrangement of components that provide a result conditioned onone or more inputs. Suitable computing devices include multipurposemicroprocessor-based computer systems accessing stored software (i.e.,computer-readable instructions stored on a memory of the computersystem) that programs or configures the computing system from ageneral-purpose computing apparatus to a specialized computing apparatusimplementing one or more aspects of the present subject matter. Anysuitable programming, scripting, or other type of language orcombinations of languages may be used to implement the teachingscontained herein in software to be used in programming or configuring acomputing device.

Aspects of the methods disclosed herein may be performed in theoperation of such computing devices. The order of the blocks presentedin the examples above can be varied; for example, blocks can bere-ordered, combined, and/or broken into sub-blocks. Certain blocks orprocesses can be performed in parallel.

The use of “adapted to” or “configured to” herein is meant as open andinclusive language that does not foreclose devices adapted to orconfigured to perform additional tasks or steps. Additionally, the useof “based on” is meant to be open and inclusive, in that a process,step, calculation, or other action “based on” one or more recitedconditions or values may, in practice, be based on additional conditionsor values beyond those recited. Headings, lists, and numbering includedherein are for ease of explanation only and are not meant to belimiting.

While the present subject matter has been described in detail withrespect to specific aspects thereof, it will be appreciated that thoseskilled in the art, upon attaining an understanding of the foregoing,may readily produce alterations to, variations of, and equivalents tosuch aspects. Accordingly, it should be understood that the presentdisclosure has been presented for purposes of example rather thanlimitation and does not preclude inclusion of such modifications,variations, and/or additions to the present subject matter as would bereadily apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for detecting node outage,comprising: during a first time period: detecting, by a first node of amesh network, a set of signals originating from a second node of themesh network tracked by the first node, wherein the set of signalscomprises radio frequency (RF) alive beacons or communication messagestransmitted by the second node, the RF alive beacons indicating anoperational status of the second node, and wherein the set of signalsare detected during a time period that corresponds to at least a singlealive beacon interval; during a second time period, subsequent to thefirst time period: determining, at the first node, a current status ofthe second node based on passage of a threshold number of the alivebeacon intervals since detecting a most recent signal from the secondnode, the most recent signal comprising a most recent RF alive beacon ora most recent communication message; receiving, at the first node, anadvanced radio frequency (RF) alive beacon from a third node indicatingan operational status of the third node and comprising an identificationof the second node and a status of the second node; updating, by thefirst node, the current status of the second node based, at least inpart, upon the advanced RF alive beacon, the updating comprisingdetermining that the second node is in a suspected outage state based ondetermining that the status of the second node in the advanced RF alivebeacon is in the suspected outage state or an outage state; in responseto determining that the second node is in the suspected outage state,outputting, from the first node, a ping to the second node requesting aresponse to the ping; and when no response to the ping is received fromthe second node within a response period, transmitting, by the firstnode, an outage alarm message to a next topologically higher layer ofthe mesh network, the outage alarm message comprising an identificationof the second node.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the advanced RFalive beacon further comprises a time stamp for a most recent signalreceived by the third node from the second node, and wherein updatingthe current status of the second node based, at least in part, upon theadvanced RF alive beacon further comprises: determining that the secondnode is in a suspected outage state based on determining that athreshold number of the alive beacon intervals have passed since alatter of detecting the most recent signal from the second node by thefirst node or the time stamp for the most recent signal received by thethird node from the second node, wherein outputting the ping isperformed in response to determining that the second node is in asuspected outage state.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein updating thecurrent status of the second node based, at least in part, upon theadvanced RF alive beacon further comprises: determining that theadvanced RF alive beacon indicate that the second node is in anoperational state; updating the current status of the second node to bein the operational state; and resetting a counter for a number of thealive beacon intervals that have passed since receiving a most recentsignal from the second node to zero.
 4. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising: transmitting, by the first node, an RF alive beacon, whereinthe transmitted RF alive beacon is an advanced RF alive beaconindicating an operational status of the first node and comprising anindication of the current status of the second node.
 5. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: prior to transmitting the outage alarmmessage, transmitting, by the first node to a fourth node, a request forinformation of the second node; receiving, at the first node, a responseto the request comprising a status of the second node; updating, by thefirst node, the status of the second node based on the response; andwherein the outage alarm message is transmitted based on the updatedstatus of the second node.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the requestfor information is transmitted to a plurality of nodes that includes thefourth node, wherein the first node identifies the plurality of nodes asnodes tracking the second node.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein therequest for information is transmitted to a plurality of nodes thatincludes the fourth node, wherein the first node identifies theplurality of nodes as neighboring nodes of the first node.
 8. A node ina mesh network, comprising: a processor configured to executecomputer-readable instructions; a memory configured to store thecomputer-readable instructions that, when executed by the processor,cause the processor to perform operations comprising: during a firsttime period: detecting a set of signals originating from a second nodeof the mesh network tracked by the node, wherein the set of signalscomprises radio frequency (RF) alive beacons or communication messagestransmitted by the second node, the RF alive beacons indicating anoperational status of the second node, and wherein the set of signalsare detected during a time period that corresponds to at least a singlealive beacon interval; during a second time period, subsequent to thefirst time period: determining a current status of the second node basedon passage of a threshold number of the alive beacon intervals sincedetecting a most recent signal from the second node, the most recentsignal comprising a most recent RF alive beacon or a most recentcommunication message; receiving an advanced radio frequency (RF) alivebeacon from a third node indicating an operational status of the thirdnode and comprising an identification of the second node and a status ofthe second node; and updating the current status of the second nodebased, at least in part, upon the advanced RF alive beacon, the updatingcomprising determining that the second node is in a suspected outagestate based on determining that the status of the second node in theadvanced RF alive beacon is in the suspected outage state or an outagestate; in response to determining that the second node is in thesuspected outage state, outputting a ping to the second node requestinga response to the ping; and when no response to the ping is receivedfrom the second node within a response period, transmitting an outagealarm message to a next topologically higher layer of the mesh network,the outage alarm message comprising an identification of the secondnode.
 9. The node of claim 8, wherein updating the current status of thesecond node based, at least in part, upon the advanced RF alive beaconfurther comprises: determining that the advanced RF alive beaconindicate that the second node is in an operational state; updating thecurrent status of the second node to be in the operational state; andresetting a counter for a number of the alive beacon intervals that havepassed since receiving a most recent signal from the second node tozero.
 10. The node of claim 8, wherein the operations further comprise:prior to transmitting the outage alarm message: transmitting, to afourth node, a request for information of the second node; receiving aresponse to the request comprising a status of the second node; updatingthe status of the second node based on the response; and wherein theoutage alarm message is transmitted based on the updated status of thesecond node.
 11. The node of claim 10, wherein the request forinformation is transmitted to a plurality of nodes that includes thefourth node, wherein the node identifies the plurality of nodes as nodestracking the second node.
 12. The node of claim 10, wherein the requestfor information is transmitted to a plurality of nodes that includes thefourth node, wherein the node identifies the plurality of nodes asneighboring nodes of the node.
 13. A system, comprising a plurality ofnodes communicatively connected via a mesh network, the plurality ofnodes comprising a first node, a second node, and a third node, wherein:the second node is configured to transmit signals comprisingcommunication messages and radio frequency (RF) alive beacons, the RFalive beacons indicating an operational status of the second node; andthe first node is configured to track a status of the second node, thetracking comprising: during a first time period: detecting a set ofsignals originating from the second node, wherein the set of signals aredetected during a time period that corresponds to at least a singlealive beacon interval; during a second time period, subsequent to thefirst time period: determining a current status of the second node basedon passage of a threshold number of the alive beacon intervals sincedetecting a most recent signal from the second node, the most recentsignal comprising a most recent RF alive beacon or a most recentcommunication message; receiving an advanced radio frequency (RF) alivebeacon from the third node, the advanced RF alive beacon indicating anoperational status of the third node and comprising an identification ofthe second node and a status of the second node; updating the currentstatus of the second node based on the advanced RF alive beacon, theupdating comprising determining that the second node is in a suspectedoutage state based on determining that the status of the second node inthe advanced RF alive beacon is in the suspected outage state or anoutage state; in response to determining that the second node is in thesuspected outage state, outputting a ping to the second node requestinga response to the ping; and when the response to the ping is notreceived from the second node within a response period, transmitting anoutage alarm message to a next topologically higher layer of the meshnetwork, the outage alarm message comprising an identification of thesecond node.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the plurality of nodesfurther comprises a fourth node and the first node is further configuredfor, prior to transmitting the outage alarm message: transmitting, tothe fourth node, a request for information of the second node; receivinga response to the request comprising a status of the second node; andupdating the current status of the second node based on the response,wherein the outage alarm message is transmitted based on the updatedstatus of the second node.
 15. The system of claim 14, wherein therequest for information is transmitted to a set of nodes that includesthe fourth node, wherein the first node identifies the set of nodes asnodes tracking the second node.
 16. The system of claim 14, wherein therequest for information is transmitted to a set of nodes that includesthe fourth node, wherein the first node identifies the set of nodes asneighboring nodes of the first node.
 17. The system of claim 14, whereinupdating the current status of the second node based on the responsecomprises: determining that the response indicates that the second nodeis in an operational state; updating the current status of the secondnode to be in the operational state; and resetting a counter for anumber of the alive beacon intervals that have passed since receiving amost recent signal from the second node to zero.